Liquid hydrogen has long been used as a fuel in rockets, and now it powers some automobiles. Though hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe, it doesn't occur naturally in liquid form. To make liquid hydrogen, you need to get gaseous hydrogen and get it extremely cold.
Gas
Production of liquid hydrogen starts with pure hydrogen gas. But pure hydrogen is extremely rare on Earth; nearly all the planet's hydrogen is locked in compounds with other atoms.
Extraction
Hydrogen gas can be obtained by extracting it from natural gas through a process called steam methane reforming, or by splitting water into its components--hydrogen and oxygen--through electrolysis.
Cooling
Once hydrogen gas has been isolated, it's pressurized and super-cooled to a temperature a little colder than minus-423 degrees F, which is hydrogen's boiling point. At that temperature, the gas condenses into a liquid.
Appearance
Liquid hydrogen is colorless, odorless, tasteless and non-corrosive. However, it's also extremely flammable; when liquid hydrogen is mixed with air, the slightest spark can trigger an explosion.
Fun Fact
Hydrogen's freezing point is about minus-434 degrees, not much colder than its boiling point. Chill hydrogen to that point, and it becomes a metallic solid.
Source:
Universal Industrial Gases: Hydrogen Properties
Air Products via Harvard University: Liquid Hydrogen
Stanford University: Hydrogen
NASA: Solid Hydrogen Particles
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May 7, 2010
Hydrogen facts
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